Kakaretso le Mekhoa ea Ntlafatso ea Indasteri ea Thepa ea Seporo

(1) Kakaretso le Mekhoa ea Ntlafatso ea Indasteri ea Thepa ea Lipalangoang ea Lefatše ka Bophara

①Ka boqapi ba theknoloji indastering ea lipalangoang tsa literene tsa lefats'e, 'maraka oa lefats'e oa lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang o bonts'itse kholo e matla ea kholo.

Sechabeng sa kajeno, ka tsoelo-pele e potlakileng ea moruo oa sechaba, mathata a kang khaello ea lisebelisoa le tšilafalo e tebileng a hlahella, a fella ka ho haella ha lipalangoang tsa bapalami le thepa, tšubuhlellano ea sephethephethe litseleng, tšilafalo le lerata, le boiketlo le polokeho ea lipalangoang tsa sechaba. , tse ntseng li eloa hloko ka ho eketsehileng.Ka hona, linaha ho pota lefatše li nkile nts'etsopele ea mefuta e mecha ea lipalangoang tse bolokehileng, tse sebetsang hantle, tse tala le tse bohlale e le tataiso e ka sehloohong bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea lipalangoang tsa sechaba nakong e tlang, 'me mokhoa oa nts'etsopele o boetse o tlohile ho tloha moetlong oa setso ho ea ho o hokahaneng, o tsitsitseng, le ntshetsopele ya dipalangwang tse ngata.Leqhubu le lecha la mahlale a theknoloji, le emeloang ke marang-rang a tlhahisoleseling, tlhahiso e bohlale, matla a macha le lisebelisoa tse ncha, le ntse le hlaha lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me lefapha la lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang tsa lefats'e le hlahisa phetoho e ncha ho pota-pota.Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ka boqapi ba theknoloji indastering ea lipalangoang tsa literene lefatšeng ka bophara, 'maraka oa lefats'e oa lisebelisoa tsa liporo o bonts'itse kholo e matla.Matla a 'maraka a lefats'e ka 2010 e ne e le li-euro tse limilione tse likete tse 131, a fihla ho li-euro tse limilione tse likete tse 162 ka 2014. Ho lebeletsoe hore matla a' maraka a tla feta li-euro tse limilione tse likete tse 190 ka 2018, ka sekhahla sa kholo ea selemo le selemo sa 3.4%.

Boholo ba 'Maraka oa Thepa ea Seporo sa Lefatše ho tloha 2010 ho isa 2018 (li-euro tse limilione tse 100)

②Li-oligopolies li thehile 'marakeng oa lefats'e oa lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang tsa terene, moo libaka tsa ho paka makoloi tsa China li leng pele.

Pontšong e tsebahalang lefatšeng ka bophara ea Berlin Rail Transit (Innotrans2016), boemo ba 2015 ba lik'hamphani tsa thepa ea liporo tsa lefatše bo ne bo ipapisitse le lekeno la thekiso ea literene le likoloi tse sa tsoa etsoa ke lik'hamphani tsa thepa ea liporo.CRRC e behiloe maemong a pele ka lekeno la thekiso le fetang li-euro tse limilione tse likete tse 22, ntle le pelaelo e behiloe pele indastering ea lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me chelete ea thekiso ea eona ka 2015 e ne e le kholo ho feta ea Bombardier ea Canada Lekeno le kopaneng la thekiso ea Alstom e tsoang Fora, e maemong a boraro, le Siemens ho tsoa. Jeremane, e boemong ba bone, ke ea 14. Oligopoly e etelletsoeng pele ke CRRC 'marakeng oa thepa ea thepa ea terene ea lefatše e thehile.Ho latela tlaleho ea selemo ea 2016 ea CRRC, CRRC e fihletse lekeno la li-yuan tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 229.7 ka 2016, tseo ho tsona thepa ea terene, liporo tsa litoropo le meaho ea litoropo e etsang li-yuan tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 134, tse etsang 58.35%;Ka 2016, ho ne ho e-na le li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 262,6 tsa litaelo tse ncha (ho kenyeletsoa hoo e ka bang lidolara tse limilione tse likete tse 8,1 tsa likonteraka tsa khoebo tsa machaba, keketseho ea selemo le selemo ea 40%), le li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 188.1 tse letsohong qetellong ea nako.CRRC e lebelletsoe ho tsoela pele ho tiisa boemo ba eona joalo ka ea pele lefatšeng lefapheng la lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang tsa literene tsa lefatše.

(2) Kakaretso le Mekhoa ea Ntšetso-pele ea Indasteri ea Lisebelisuoa tsa Seporo sa China

①Indasteri ea tlhahiso ea thepa ea lipalangoang e fetohile e 'ngoe ea melemo ea tlholisano ea mantlha lefapheng la tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa maemo a holimo tsa China,' me ke tšusumetso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea liindasteri tse ntseng li hlaha tsa China.

Kamora lilemo tse fetang 60 tsa nts'etsopele, indasteri ea tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa terene ea China e thehile lipatlisiso tse ikemetseng le nts'etsopele, lisebelisoa tse felletseng tsa ts'ehetso, lisebelisoa tse tsoetseng pele, le ts'ebetso e kholo ea sistimi ea tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa terene e kopanyang lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele, moralo, tlhahiso. , liteko, le tšebeletso.E kenyelletsa literene tsa motlakase, likoloi tsa diesel, li-unit tse ngata, likoloi tsa bapalami ba terene, likoloi tse tsamaisang thepa, likoloi tsa literene tsa litoropong, likarolo tsa bohlokoa tsa literene le likoloi, lisebelisoa tsa lipontšo, lisebelisoa tsa phepelo ea motlakase Lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, ka tsoelo-pele ea lebelo le phahameng, litsela tsa thekenoloji tse sebetsang ka thata, tse loketseng, le tse baballang tikoloho, li-unit tse ngata tse lebelo le holimo le literene tse nang le matla a phahameng li fihletse katleho e makatsang litsamaisong tse 10 tsa tlhahiso ea litsebi tse joalo ka mechini ea boenjiniere ba pina le lisebelisoa.Indasteri ea tlhahiso ea thepa ea lipalangoang ea China ke moemeli ea tloaelehileng oa boqapi, phetoho e bohlale, motheo o matlafalitsoeng, le nts'etsopele ea botala.Ke e 'ngoe ea liindasteri tse nang le boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba boqapi bo ikemetseng, tlholisano e matla ka ho fetesisa ea machaba ea boqapi, le phello e hlakileng ka ho fetesisa ea ho khanna liindasteri lefapheng la tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa maemo a holimo Chaena.E fetohile monyetla oa tlholisano oa mantlha oa lefapha la tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa maemo a holimo tsa China 'marakeng oa lefats'e oa lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang tsa literene, Ke tšusumetso ea bohlokoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea liindasteri tse ntseng li hlaha Chaena.

②Litlamorao tse peli tsa ts'ehetso ea leano le tlhoko ea 'maraka li khothaletsa nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea indasteri ea lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang tsa China, ka sebaka se seholo sa mmaraka.

Thepa ea lipalangoang tsa terene ke moemeli oa bohlokoa oa lisebelisoa tsa maemo a holimo tsa China tse sebetsang lefatšeng ka bophara.The "Made in China 2025" e lokolloa ke Lekhotla la Naha ka 2015 ka ho hlaka e fana ka tlhahiso ea ho kenya ts'ebetsong merero e meholo e mehlano, ho kenyelletsa le kaho ea setsi sa naha sa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa, tlhahiso e bohlale, ho matlafatsa motheo oa indasteri, tlhahiso e tala, le lisebelisoa tse phahameng tsa ho qetela, ka tataiso ea mmuso le kopanyo ea lisebelisuoa, ho fihlella likhatelopele tsa mantlha tse tšoanang tsa thekenoloji tse thibelang nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea tlhahiso ea nako e telele le ho matlafatsa tlholisano ea kakaretso ea indasteri ea tlhahiso ea China."Made in China 2025 Key Fields Technology Roadmap" (eo ho thoeng ke "Technology Roadmap") e fana ka litlhoko tsa sepheo sa thepa ea lipalangoang tsa terene.Ka 2020, bokhoni ba lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele le lihlahisoa tse etellang pele tsa thepa ea liporo li tla fihla maemong a holimo lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me thekiso ea indasteri e feta li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 650, khoebo ea mose ho maoatle e ikarabella ho feta 30%, mme indasteri ea litšebeletso e nka karolo e fetang 15%.Lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa li tla kena limmarakeng tsa linaha tse tsoetseng pele Europe le Amerika;Ka 2025, indasteri ea tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa liporo ea China e tla be e thehile sistimi e felletseng le e tšoarellang, e kenyang ts'ebetsong mefuta e bohlale ea tlhahiso mafapheng a maholo.Lihlahisoa tsa eona tsa mantlha li tla fihla maemong a etelletseng pele machabeng, 'me khoebo ea mose ho maoatle e ikarabella bakeng sa 40% mme indasteri ea litšebeletso e nka karolo e fetang 20%.E tla etella pele tlhabollo ea maemo a machaba, e thehe tsamaiso ea indasteri ea thepa ea sejoale-joale e etelletseng pele lefatšeng ka bophara, 'me e nke boemo bo holimo ba ketane ea indasteri ea lefats'e.E tataisoa ke maano a matle a naha 'me e susumetsoa ke tlhokahalo e matla ea mmaraka, indasteri ea tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa liporo ea China e kena nakong ea kholo e potlakileng.Ka 2020, tlhokeho ea 'maraka ea boleng ba thekiso ea indasteri ea lisebelisoa tsa terene e fetang li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 650 e fana ka litebello tse pharaletseng bakeng sa nts'etsopele e tsitsitseng le e potlakileng ea indasteri ea lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang.Ka 2020, lekeno la thekiso ea thepa ea terene ea China le indasteri ea tlhahiso ea li-unit tse ngata li ile tsa feta li-yuan tse limilione tse likete tse 350, 'me tlhoko ea mmaraka bakeng sa ketane ea lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang e hakanngoa hore e ka ba li-yuan tse libilione.

Ponelopele ea Sekala sa Thekiso ea Setoko sa China sa Railway Rolling le Multiple Unit Manufacturing Industry ho tloha ka 2015 ho isa 2020 (li-yuan tse limilione tse 100)

③Joalo ka indasteri ea litšiea tsa bohlokoa lefapheng la lisebelisoa tsa liporo tsa terene naheng ea China, litsi tse ngata tsa lebelo le phahameng le indasteri ea lisebelisoa tsa literene tsa litoropong li tla tsamaisana le ts'ebetsong ea leano la Belt le Road, le tsamaisang ka botlalo nts'etsopele e hokahaneng ea ketane eohle ea indasteri. le ho matlafatsa tšusumetso ea lefatše.Joalo ka ha bohle re tseba, terene ea lebelo le holimo e fetohile e 'ngoe ea likarete tsa bodiplomate tsa China hape e le moetapele oa bohlokoa oa thepa ea lipalangoang indastering ea tlhahiso ea lisebelisoa tsa maemo a holimo ea China.Ha mmuso oa Chaena o ntse o khothaletsa ts'ebetsong ea leano la Belt le Road, sebaka sena se hasana ho ea linaheng tsa Asia Bohareng le Boroa, Asia Boroa, Asia Bohareng le Asia Bophirima, 'me se fetela Europe Bochabela le Afrika Leboea, tseo kaofela li nang le tsona. litlhoko tse potlakileng tsa kaho ea meralo ea motheo le khokahanyo.Ho hakanngoa hore kakaretso ea baahi ba haufi le Belt and Road e ka ba limilione tse likete tse 4,4, e leng karolo ea 63% ea kakaretso ea baahi ba lefatše, 'me kakaretso ea eona ea moruo e ka ba liranta tse libilione tse 21, e leng karolo ea 29% ea kakaretso ea moruo oa lefatše. .Jwaloka leano la naha la China, The Belt and Road e na le leano la bohlokwa bo hole bakeng sa phetisetso ya bokgoni ya China, ho ntlafatswa karolong ya matjhaba ya indasteri ya basebetsi, le ho theha lentswe la China lefatsheng.Joalo ka indasteri ea bohlokoa ea litšiea tšimong ea lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang tsa literene naheng ea China, litsi tse ngata tse lebelo tse phahameng le lisebelisoa tsa lipalangoang tsa litoropo e tla ba pula-maliboho oa Belt and Road Initiative ka litšobotsi tsa eona tse ikhethang tsa ts'ireletso ea tikoloho e tala le lipalangoang tse phahameng haholo. , ho tsamaisa nts'etsopele e hokahaneng ea letoto lohle la liindasteri tsa tšepe e holimo, litšepe tse se nang ferrous, kaho ea meaho ea seporo, kaho ea lisebelisoa tse tšehetsang, le lisebelisoa tse amanang le lisebelisoa tsa makoloi a mahareng le a tlase, ts'ebetso ea litoropong, thepa, lipalangoang tsa bapalami le thepa, Ntlafatsa tšusumetso ea lefats'e ea Indasteri ea tlhahiso ea thepa ea lipalangoang ea China.